HEALTH ANALYSER BLOG

Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate. The term blue biotechnology has also been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology but its use is relatively rare. The investments and economic output of all of these types of applied biotechnologies form what has been described as the bioeconomy.Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques and makes the rapid organization and analysis of biological data possible. The field may also be referred to as computational biology and can be defined as conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules on a large scale. Bioinformatics plays a key role in various areas such as functional genomics structural genomics and proteomics and forms a key component in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector.Pharmacogenomics is the study of how the genetic inheritance of an individual affects hisher body’s response to drugs. It is a coined word derived from the world pharmacology and genomics. It is hence the study of the relationship between pharmaceuticals and genetics. The vision of pharmacogenomics is to be able to design and produce drugs that are adapted to each persons genetic makeup.. Development of tailormade medicines. Using pharmacogenomics

Ribonucleic acid or RNA is a nucleic acid consisting of many nucleotides that form a polymer. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base a ribose sugar and a phosphate. RNA plays several important roles in the processes of translating genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid DNA into proteins. One type of RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and the protein synthesis complexes known as ribosomes others form vital portions of the structure of ribosomes act as essential carrier molecules for amino acids to be used in protein synthesis or change which genes are active. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid while RNA stands for ribonucleic acid. RNA is very similar to DNA but differs in a few important structural details RNA is usually single stranded while DNA is usually double stranded. RNA nucleotides contain ribose while DNA contains deoxyribose a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom and RNA uses the nucleotide uracil in its composition instead of thymine which is present in DNA. RNA is transcribed from DNA by enzymes called RNA polymerases and is generally further processed by other enzymes some of them guided by noncoding RNAs.RNA is a polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone and four different nucleotide bases adenine guanine cytosine and uracil. The first three are the same as those found in DNA but in RNA thymine is replaced by uracil as the base complementary to adenine. This base is also a pyrimidine and is very similar to thymine. In DNA however uracil is readily produced by chemical degradation of cytosine so having thymine as the normal base makes detection and repair of such incipient mutations more efficient. Thus uracil is appropriate for RNA where quantity is important but lifespan is not whereas thymine is appropriate for DNA where maintaining sequence with high fidelity is more critical.There are also numerous modified bases and sugars found in RNA that serve many different roles. Pseudouridine in which the linkage between uracil and ribose is changed from a C–N bond to a C–C bond and ribothymidine T are found in various places most notably in the loop of tRNA. Another notable modified base is hypoxanthine a deaminated guanine base whose nucleoside is called inosine. Inosine plays a key role in the Wobble Hypothesis of the genetic code. There are nearly other naturally occurring modified nucleosides of which pseudouridine and nucleosides with Omethylribose are by far the most common. The specific roles of many of these modifications in RNA are not fully understood. However it is notable that in ribosomal RNA many of the posttranslational modifications occur in highly functional regions such as the peptidy transferase center and the subunit interface implying that they are important for normal function.The most important structural feature of RNA that distinguishes it from DNA is the presence of a hydroxyl group at the position of the ribose sugar. The presence of this functional group enforces the Cendo sugar conformation as opposed to the Cendo conformation of the deoxyribose sugar in DNA that causes the helix to adopt the Aform geometry rather than the Bform most commonly observed in DNA. This results in a very deep and narrow major groove and a shallow and wide minor groove. A second consequence of the presence of the hydroxyl group is that in conformationally flexible regions of an RNA molecule that is not involved in formation of a double helix it can chemically attack the adjacent phosphodiester bond to cleave the backbone.